Written on 04:07 by Ahmet Emir
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Segment
PDU
Packet
Frame
Bits
TCP header Upper layer data
IP header Data
LLC header Data
MAC header Data
0101110101001000010
Upper layer data
FCS
FCS
It’s the Abstracts Link band that’s amenable for demography packets from the Arrangement band and
placing them on the arrangement average (cable or wireless). The Abstracts Link band encapsulates
each packet in a frame, and the frame’s attack carries the accouterments abode of the antecedent and
destination hosts. If the destination accessory is on a alien network, again the anatomy is beatific to a
router to be baffled through an internetwork. Once it gets to the destination network, a new
frame is acclimated to get the packet to the destination host.
To put this anatomy on the network, it charge aboriginal be put into a agenda signal. Since a anatomy is
really a analytic accumulation of 1s and 0s, the Physical band is amenable for encoding these digits into
a agenda signal, which is apprehend by accessories on the aforementioned bounded network. The accepting accessories will
synchronize on the agenda arresting and abstract (decode) the 1s and 0s from the agenda signal. At this
point, the accessories body the frames, run a CRC, and again analysis their acknowledgment adjoin the answer
in the frame’s FCS field. If it matches, the packet is pulled from the anatomy and what’s larboard of the
frame is discarded. This action is alleged de-encapsulation. The packet is handed to the Network
layer, area the abode is checked. If the abode matches, the articulation is pulled from the packet
and what’s larboard of the packet is discarded. The articulation is candy at the Transport layer, which
rebuilds the abstracts beck and acknowledges to the transmitting base that it accustomed anniversary piece.
It again appropriately easily the abstracts beck to the upper-layer application.
At a transmitting device, the abstracts encapsulation adjustment works like this:
1. User advice is adapted to abstracts for manual on the network.
2. Abstracts is adapted to segments and a reliable affiliation is set up amid the transmitting
and accepting hosts.
3. Segments are adapted to packets or datagrams, and a analytic abode is placed in the
header so anniversary packet can be baffled through an internetwork.
4. Packets or datagrams are adapted to frames for manual on the bounded network. Hardware
(Ethernet) addresses are acclimated to abnormally analyze hosts on a bounded arrangement segment.
5. Frames are adapted to bits, and a agenda encoding and clocking arrangement is used.
6. To explain this in added detail application the band addressing, I’ll use Figure 1.29.
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